<language> A line-oriented {Smalltalk} for {PC}'s, produced by
	Digitalk ca 1985.  Methods was the predecessor of
	{Smalltalk/V}.

	(1995-04-16)

<publication> A periodically published work containing news
	and announcements on some subject, typically with a small
	circulation.  Newsletters are a common application for {DTP}
	and may be distributed by {electronic mail}.

	(1996-12-10)

Automatic, as opposed to human, operation or control of a
	process, equipment or a system; or the techniques and
	equipment used to achieve this.  Most often applied to
	computer (or at least electronic) control of a manufacturing
	process.

	See also {design automation}, {office automation},
	{manularity}, {Manufacturing Automation Protocol}, {PEARL},
	{QBE}.

	(1994-10-21)

1. <tool> A program used primarily to create, manipulate,
	modify, or analyse other programs, such as a compiler or an
	editor or a cross-referencing program.  Opposite: {app},
	{operating system}.

	2. A {Unix} {application program} with a simple, "transparent"
	(typically text-stream) interface designed specifically to be
	used in programmed combination with other tools (see {filter},
	{plumbing}).

	3. <jargon> ({MIT}: general to students there) To work; to
	study (connotes tedium).  The {TMRC} Dictionary defined this
	as "to set one's brain to the grindstone".  See {hack}.

	4. <jargon, person> ({MIT}) A student who studies too much and
	hacks too little.  MIT's student humour magazine rejoices in
	the name "Tool and Die".

	[{Jargon File}]

	(1996-12-12)

<testing> The process of exercising a product to identify
	differences between expected and actual behaviour.  Typically
	testing is bottom-up: {unit testing} and {integration testing}
	by developers, {system testing} by testers, and {user
	acceptance testing} by users.

	{Test coverage} attempts to assess how complete a test has
	been.

	2. The second stage in a {generate and test} search
	{algorithm}.

	[{Jargon File}]

	(2003-09-24)

The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software.

<hypertext, World-Wide Web, standard> (HTML) A {hypertext}
	document format used on the {World-Wide Web}.  HTML is built
	on top of {SGML}.  "Tags" are embedded in the text.  A tag
	consists of a "<", a "directive" (in lower case), zero or
	more parameters and a ">".  Matched pairs of directives, like
	"<title>" and "</title>" are used to delimit text which is to
	appear in a special place or style.

	Links to other documents are in the form

	 <a href="http://machine.edu/subdir/file.html">foo</a>

	where "<a>" and "</a>" delimit an "anchor", "href" introduces
	a hypertext reference, which is most often a {Uniform Resource
	Locator} (URL) (the string in double quotes in the example
	above).  The link will be represented in the browser by the
	text "foo" (typically shown underlined and in a different
	colour).

	A certain place within an HTML document can be marked with a
	named anchor, e.g.:

	 <a name="baz">

	The "fragment identifier", "baz", can be used in an href by
	appending "#baz" to the document name.

	Other common tags include <p> for a new paragraph, <b>..</b>
	for bold text, <ul> for an unnumbered list, <pre> for
	preformated text, <h1>, <h2> .. <h6> for headings.

	{HTML} supports some standard {SGML} {national characters} and
	other non-{ASCII} characters through special {escape
	sequences}, e.g. "&eacute;" for a lower case 'e' with an acute
	accent.  You can sometimes get away without the terminating
	semicolon but it's bad style.

	Most systems will ignore the case of tags and attributes but
	lower case should be used for compatibility with {XHTML}.

	The {World-Wide Web Consortium} (W3C) is the international
	{standards} body for HTML.

	Latest version: {XHTML} 1.0, as of 2000-09-10.

	{Home (http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/)}.

	{Character escape sequences
	(http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/ISOlat1.html)}.

	See also {weblint}.

	(2006-01-19)

Not working properly (of programs).

1. <file system> {hard link} or {symbolic link}.

	2. <hypertext> {hyperlink}.

	(1997-10-22)

1. <chat> {Unix}'s simple {talk} command and {protocol}.
	write has been largely superseded by {talk} and then {irc}.

	An enhancement, {RWP}, has been proposed.

	2. <tool> A simple {text editor} for {Windows}.

	(1998-04-28)

<text> In computerised document preparation, a method of
	adding information to the text indicating the logical
	components of a document, or instructions for layout of the
	text on the page or other information which can be interpreted
	by some automatic system.

	For example, the source of {this dictionary} is marked up by
	enclosing cross-references in curly braces which are
	significant to the {World-Wide Web} server software.

	(1995-03-30)

The structure of strings in some language.  A language's
	syntax is described by a {grammar}.  For example, the syntax
	of a binary number could be expressed as

		binary_number = bit [ binary_number ]

		bit = "0" | "1"

	meaning that a binary number is a bit optionally followed by a
	binary number and a bit is a literal zero or one digit.

	The meaning of the language is given by its {semantics}.

	See also {abstract syntax}, {concrete syntax}.

	(1994-10-31)

<World-Wide Web> (CSS) An extension to {HTML} to allow styles,
	e.g. colour, {font}, size to be specified for certain elements
	of a {hypertext} document.  Style information can be included
	in-line in the HTML file or in a separate CSS file (which can
	then be easily shared by multiple HTML files).  Multiple
	levels of CSS can be used to allow selective overriding of
	styles.

	{Home (http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/)}.

	(2000-07-26)

<operating system, programming> The process of carrying out
	the {instructions} in a computer program by a computer.

	See also {dry run}.

	(1996-05-13)

<operating system> (Win2k, W2k, NT5, Windows NT 5.0) An
	{operating system} developed by {Microsoft Corporation} for
	{PCs} and {servers}, as the successor to {Windows NT 4}.0.
	Early {beta} versions were referred to as "Windows NT 5.0".
	Windows 2000 was officially released on 2000-02-17.

	Windows 2000 is most commonly used on {Intel} {x86} and
	{Pentium} processors, with a {DEC Alpha} version rumoured.
	Unlike Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 is not available for
	{PowerPC} or {MIPS}.

	Windows 2000's {user interface} is very similar to {Windows
	95} or Windows NT 4.0 with integrated {Internet Explorer}, or
	to {Windows 98}.

	It is available in four flavours:

	- Professional: the {client} version, meant for desktop
	{workstations}, successor to Windows NT Workstation.

	- Server: "entry-level" server, designed for small
	deployments, and departmental file, print, or {intranet}
	servers.

	- Advanced Server: high throughput, larger scale servers
	and applications, and small to medium scale {websites}.

	- Data Center Server: software for large-scale server
	{clusters} (in development as of 2000-03-14).

	New features in Windows 2000 include:

	- {Active Directory}.

	- Greatly improved built-in security mechanisms, including
	{Kerberos}-based {authentication}, {public key} support, an
	{encrypting} {file system}, and {IPsec} support.

	- Integrated {web browser} - {Internet Explorer} 5.0.

	- Integrated {web server} - {IIS} 5.0

	- Terminal services for displaying application interfaces on
	remote computers (similar to {X-Windows}).

	- File protection that prevents user programs from
	accidentally deleting or overwriting critical system files.

	- Improved hardware support, including {Plug-and-Play}, {DVD},
	{IEEE-1394} (FireWire), {USB}, {infra-red}, {PCMCIA}, {ACPI},
	{laptop computers}.

	- Improved user interface, including a single point to control
	the entire system.

	- Improved management tools, including remote administration.

	Minimum system requirements, according to Microsoft, are
	{Pentium}-133 {MHz} {CPU}, 64 {MB} {RAM}, 650 {MB} of {hard
	disk} space.  These are for W2K Professional, others require
	more.

	Many {operating systems} compete with Windows 2000, including
	the {Apple} {MacOS}, {Linux}, {FreeBSD}, {OpenBSD}, {NetBSD},
	{Sun} {Solaris}, {IBM} {AIX}, {Hewlett-Packard} {HP-UX}, {SGI}
	{Irix}.  Novell's NDS also provides a service similar to
	Active Directory.

	Windows 2000 will be followed by {Windows XP} Professional and
	{Windows 2002}.

	{Home (http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/)}.

	{Usenet} newsgroups: {(news:microsoft.public.windows2000)},
	{(news:comp.os.ms-windows)}.

	(2002-01-28)

Common term for "computer", usually when considered at the
	hardware level.  The {Turing Machine}, an early example of
	this usage, was however neither hardware nor software, but
	only an idea.

	[Earlier use?]

	(1995-02-15)

A language proposed by Cii {Honeywell-Bull} to meet the DoD
	{Ironman} requirements which led to {Ada}.  This language won
	in 1979.

	["On the GREEN Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra,
	SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):16-21 (Oct 1978)].

	(1994-12-02)